At open circuit condition across +/- of the input connector, V- will get around 5.1V. Since V- (5.1V) is greater than V+ (2.5V), output to the microcontroller will be Low (0V).
When the short circuit is detected across +/- of the input, V- will get less than 2.5V which will make the output to go High (5V).
This circuit can be used for simple continuity test circuit by connecting LED and Buzzer at the output.
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